Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stephan A. Mayer Fred Rincon J. P. Mohr INTRODUCTION Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is defined as the acute spontaneous bleeding into the brain parenchyma (Fig. 38.1). Primary ICH results…
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Alexandra S. Reynolds Sachin Agarwal INTRODUCTION Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a term used to describe cerebral dysfunction after a global insult to the brain. Mechanisms of such damage…
Acute Ischemic Stroke
Acute Ischemic Stroke Charles C. Esenwa Barry M. Czeisler Stephan A. Mayer INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke is defined as an episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by vascular stenosis or occlusion leading…
Transient Ischemic Attack
Transient Ischemic Attack Randolph S. Marshall INTRODUCTION Transient ischemic attack (TIA) describes neurologic symptoms of ischemic origin that last less than 24 hours. In fact, most attacks last only a…
Intracranial Pressure and Neurocritical Care Monitoring
Intracranial Pressure and Neurocritical Care Monitoring Charles L. Francoeur Stephan A. Mayer INTRODUCTION Monitoring plays a fundamental role in the daily practice of neurocritical care. Bedside neuromonitoring supplements clinical evaluation…
Genetic Testing and DNA Diagnosis
Genetic Testing and DNA Diagnosis Jill S. Goldman Jacinda B. Sampson INTRODUCTION Enormous advances in genetic technology are changing what we know about the molecular mechanisms and causes of neurologic…
Brain, Nerve, and Muscle Biopsy
Brain, Nerve, and Muscle Biopsy John F. Crary Thomas H. Brannagan III Kurenai Tanji INTRODUCTION Biopsy of nervous and muscle tissue remains a critical tool. Any potential benefits associated with…
Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Nancy J. Edwards Tareq Saad H. Almaghrabi Kiwon Lee INTRODUCTION Accessing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment—typically via lumbar puncture (LP)—is one of the key…
Sleep Studies
Sleep Studies Andrew J. Westwood Carl W. Bazil INTRODUCTION The National Institutes of Health estimate that 50 to 70 million Americans are affected by sleep problems (see Chapter 114). Sleep…
Vision, Hearing, and Balance Testing
Vision, Hearing, and Balance Testing J. Kirk Roberts INTRODUCTION As with all neurologic complaints, diagnosis begins with a proper history and physical examination. Appropriate testing supplements the examination and provides…
