Cerebrospinal Fluid
23 Cerebrospinal Fluid The meninges are composed of three connective tissue sheaths that envelope the central nervous system (CNS) and separate it from its bony encasement. From outside in, these…
Cerebellum
8 Cerebellum External Appearance See Fig. 8.1. The cerebellum is composed of two cerebellar hemispheres joined by a median vermis. The superior vermis is confluent with the hemispheres, whereas the…
Consciousness
21 Consciousness Consciousness means awareness of self and environment. The modern era of the study of consciousness began in the 1920s when it was discovered that awake and sleeping states…
Vestibular System
17 Vestibular System Dizziness is one of the most common complaints for which patients seek the attention of a neurologist. Often the underlying disorder causing patients to experience dizziness is…
Visual System
15 Visual System The visual system transforms visual representations of the external world into patterns of neural activity. As a peripheral receptor organ, the eye contains nonneural elements that transmit…
Basal Ganglia
11 Basal Ganglia The basal ganglia are a collection of five subcortical nuclei located deep in the cerebral hemispheres. They play an important role in the control of posture and…
Autonomic Nervous System
20 Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system comprises the central and peripheral components of the nervous system that regulate involuntary functions, such as those that are performed by smooth…
Motor System
19 Motor System The motor system is complex and has many components. The system is composed of both supraspinal and spinal pathways. These may be further broken down into pathways…
Limbic System
12 Limbic System Many structures have been included in various accounts of the limbic system, but for our purpose the limbic system means (1) the limbic lobe, (2) the hippocampal…
