History The earliest recorded documentation of encephaloceles can be found in ancient sculptures and medieval art. These abnormalities were commonly depicted in individuals portrayed as demons and monsters. The earliest…
Specific Injury Types 61.1.1 Craniovertebral Junction Injuries Atlanto-occipital Dislocation Injury Description Atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) involves traumatic separation of the occiput from C1 and is an injury primarily of the pediatric population,…
Surgical Management of Complex Spinal Cord Lipomas Dachling Pang The partial resection of complex spinal cord lipomas is associated with a high rate of symptomatic recurrence due to retethering.1 Since…
Cranioplasty James Tait Goodrich The use of cranioplasties in the pediatric population has undergone a number of significant changes during the last 25 years. A newer appreciation has developed of…
Spine Tumors David H. Harter and Howard L. Weiner The classification of spinal tumors is based on their anatomical origin and extension, specifically with relation to the spinal cord (intra-…
Occult Spinal Dysraphism D. D. Cochrane The term occult spinal dysraphism1 (OSD) refers to a group of disorders arising as a result of the malformation of midline dorsal neural, mesenchymal,…
Congenital Vertebral Anomalies Douglas Brockmeyer Congenital vertebral anomalies are relatively common disorders, ranging from simple, asymptomatic “block” vertebrae to complex combinations of anomalies involving multiple vertebral levels. They can occur…
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation Alejandro Berenstein and Yasunari Niimi Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a rare vascular malformation involving the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen….
Brain Tumors in the First Two Years of Life Nelson Moussazadeh and Mark M. Souweidane Brain tumors manifesting in children younger than 2 years comprise a unique realm of neuro-oncology….
Syringomyelia and Hydromyelia Bermans J. Iskandar, Brandon G. Rocque, and Joshua E. Medow Syringomyelia, or cystic cavitation of the spinal cord, is caused by various congenital, inflammatory, or traumatic problems…
