Figure 63.1. Pathophysiology cascade of ischemic neuronal death associated to secondary brain damage. AMPA = α-amino-3-hidroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid type of glutamate receptors; ATP = Adenosin-triphosphate; BAX / Bcl-2 = pro and anti-apoptotic proteins in mytochondrial membrane; Ca++ = calcium;…
Figure 30.1. A schematic illustration of the brain enclosed inside the dura/cranium. ∆Pc denotes transcapillary hydrostatic pressure; Ponc plasma oncotic pressure; PA arterial inflow pressure; RA arterial resistance; RV venular…
61 Tetanus and Botulism: Intensive Care Management Demócrito de Barros Miranda Filho 1, Ricardo Arraes de Alencar Ximenes 2 1 Professor Associado de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias da Faculdade de…
Figure 26.1. Hemorrhagic stroke with cytotoxic edema as indicated by hypodensity surrounding the hemorrhage. While clinical changes are the most important endpoint of cerebral edema, they indicate an advanced stage…
Figure 60.1 Algorithm for the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction in severe neurological patients. Modified from [Mayer, 1995]. * Q waves, ST elevation or other changes diagnostic of acute ischemia….
59 Acinetobacter Infections: An Emerging Problem in the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit A. Rodríguez-Guardado 1, A. Blanco 2, F. Pérez 3, M. Álvarez Vega 4, JM Torres 4, JA Cartón…
Figure 57.1. Coronal view illustrating meningeal layers and common sites of central nervous system infections [3]. 57.3 Pathogenesis of Bacterial CNS Infections Clinical complications of bacterial CNS infections are largely…
56 Strategies for the Prevention and Management of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in a Neurocritical Unit Mònica Magret 1, Jordi Rello 2 1 Critical Care Department. Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i…
Figure 55.1. The four components of the full protocol of SDD, and the type of infection controlled by each component. PPM = potentially pathogenic microorganism; ICU = intensive care unit. 55.4 Efficacy of SDD…
X X + goggles or face shield Table 54.1. Precautions for invasive procedures. X = recommended; (X) = useful in some cases, not required; CVC = central venous catheter (includes Swan-Ganz catheters); # Contact time according…
