Somatosensory System
14 Somatosensory System Testing the somatosensory system constitutes one of the most difficult but most important aspects of the neurologic examination. A logical approach to this examination requires an understanding…
Hypothalamus
10 Hypothalamus Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a small but crucial part of the dien-cephalon that lies below the thalamus and surrounds the lower part of the third ventricle. From ventral…
Neurodegeneration and Neuroglia: Emphasis on Astroglia in Alzheimer’s Disease
Fig. 12.1 Representative confocal 3-dimensional reconstructed images showing GFAP-immunoreactivity (IR) astrocytes in the (DG), cornus ammonis 1 (CA1) and cortex (EC) of animals at 3 months (a, e and i),…
Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Malignant Gliomas
Fig. 14.1 Magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with malignant glioma. a Axial T1-weighted image reveals water-containing tissue as hypo-intense. Central hypo-intense area is consistent with necrosis. b T2-weighted MRI…
Microglial Biology in Neuroinflammatory Disease: Pharmaco-industrial Approach to Target Validation
Fig. 9.1 Stages in the drug discovery process. The drug discovery process often begins with the selection of a target using a variety of validation criteria. High-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns…
Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Primary Neurogliopathy
Fig. 15.1 Acute hyperammoniemia resulting from liver failure results in astrocyte swelling. A representative electron micrograph showing swelling of a perivascular astrocyte (Ast) from a patient with acute liver failure…
Satellite Glial Cells as a Target for Chronic Pain Therapy
Fig. 20.1 Satellite glial cells (SGCs), shown by confocal microscopy. A single SGC (*) was injected with the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow, and the dye passed via gap junctions to…
Crucial Role for Astrocytes in Epilepsy
Fig. 8.1 space-dependent spatial K+ buffering. Activity in a group of neurons has produced local increase in [K+]o to 12 mM (shaded area, left). This provokes a more positive membrane potential…
Pathophysiology of Vesicle Dynamics in Astrocytes
Fig. 3.1 Morphological metabolic coupling between the presynaptic terminal and the astrocytic process, i.e., glial microdomain (Grosche et al. 1999), but with a new metabolic course. These two compartments are…
Astroglial Connexins as Elements of Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation and Dysfunction
Fig. 18.1 Metabolic pathway of adenosine. See text for details; NT, nucleoside transporter Both neurons and glia can influence extracellular adenosine concentration. Direct evidence demonstrating that astrocytes are a source…
