Chemical class Toxic molecule Animal models Supporting evidence from human ALS cases Reference Amino acids Glutamatea hSOD1G85R mice hSOD1G93A mice TDP-43M337V rats TBPH depleted or over-expressing Drosophila Defective uptake in…
Fig. 7.1 Pyramidal neurons that do not express any functional membrane-bound aquaporins are osmoresistant. In contrast, aquaporin rich astrocytes are clearly osmoresponsive. Two photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) imaging of…
Fig. 21.1 Schematic representation of the unique environments within the gut wall. The innermost, toward the center of the gut tube, is the mucosa (Muc) with a thin muscle layer,…
Fig. 17.1 Reward neurocircuitry engaged by chronic drug abuse. AMY, amygdala; DS, dorsal striatum HIPP, hippocampus; NAc, nucleus accumbens; PFC, prefrontal cortex; VP, ventral pallidum; VTA, ventral tegmental area (VTA)….
Fig. 16.1 Glutamate microdomains may be formed by specialized protein complexes found on plasma membranes in extrasynaptic regions where astrocytic and neuronal membranes are opposed to one another. Glutamate is…
Fig. 10.1 Post mortem human brain at the level of the caudate-putamen. Coronal brain sections taken through the caudate-putamen of a normal (left) and a Huntington’s disease patient (right). The…
Fig. 2.1 Molecular cascades of calcium and sodium signaling in astroglia. Abbreviations: AMPAR α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, CBP Ca2+ binding protein, EAAT excitatory amino acid transporter, ER endoplasmic reticulum, GABA γ-aminobutyric…
Fig. 1.1 Classification of neuroglia Despite a remarkable heterogeneity of neuroglial cells they have one feature in common: the main function of neuroglia is the preservation of nervous system homeostasis….
Fig. 19.1 Pathomechanisms in acquired and inherited peripheral neuropathies. a Hypothetical model of the pathological mechanisms of autoimmune disease in the peripheral nervous system. In the systemic immune compartment, autoreactive…
Fig. 13.1 Possible therapeutic targets in microglia. Neurotransmitter receptors, neuropeptide receptors, neuromodulatory receptors, cytokine and chemokine receptors, transporters, and various factors affecting microglial function 13.2 Neurotransmitter Receptors Microglia express various…
