Fig. 7.1 Long-term consumption of Western diet results in the increased production of ROS and neuroinflammation. Tricarboxylic cycle (TCA cycle), Platelet activating factor (PAF), Arachidonic acid (ARA), Nitric oxide (NO),…
Fig. 5.1 Effects of exercise on various parameters related to changes in the brain Since there is very little difference between physical activity (any activity that increases heart rate and…
Fig. 2.1 Roles of astrocytes in the brain Both astrocytes and microglia play a major role in regulation of neuroinflammation. Microglia invade the brain early in development and take on…
Fig. 3.1 Chemical structures of n-3, n-6, and monosaturated fatty acids 3.2 Transport and Incorporation of Fatty Acids in the Brain In diet, saturated fatty acids, ARA, and DHA are…
Fig. 4.1 Cytokines and chemokines associated with neuroinflammation In addition, stimulation of glutamate, cytokine, Toll-like, bradykinin, histamine, dopamine, purinergic, GABA, endothelin, and platelet activating factor (PAF) receptors results in stimulation…
Fig. 10.1 Effect of diet and prolonged exercise-mediated oxidative stress, aging, and environmental and genetic factors on the onset of neurotraumatic and neurodegenerative diseases Plasma membrane (PM), glutamate (Glu), N-methyl…
Fig. 1.1 Effects of Western diet consumption on the brain Fig. 1.2 Effect of age, diet, physical inactivity, and genetic and envioronmental factors of the pathogenesis of visceral and neurological…
Fig. 9.1 Oxidative stress-mediated modulation of transcription factors leads to gene transcription involved in neural cells survival and death. Glutamate (Glu), N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), Phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2),…
Fig. 11.1 Consumption of Western diet suppresses adaptive responses Physical inactivity and lack of sleep are strongly associated with coronary heart disease (Powell et al. 1987), type II diabetes (Helmrich…
Fig. 8.1 Hyperglycemia-mediated formation of superoxide in the mitochondrial electron chain. Manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD); copper/zinc-dependent superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); and superoxide (O2 −) Thus, hyperglycemia-mediated generation of…
