Figure 15.1 Retinal periphlebitis: (A) wide field retinography showing active retinal periphlebitis associated with MS; (B) non-active retinal periphlebitis, with pigmentary changes around the vein; (C) wide field fluorescein angiography…
Figure 16.1 Axial optic nerve slice representing T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted sequences. (A) Optic nerve FLAIR MRI demonstrates increased T2 signal and swelling within the left nerve. (B) B0 image used…
Figure 17.1 Commonly proposed multi-center study designs that utilize OCT as a key outcome measure for parallel-group, placebo-controlled multi-centered trials. (A) acute optic neuritis; (B) progressive MS. Advantages of the…
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 1 Introduction to optical coherence tomography in neurological diseases Peter A. Calabresi, Laura J. Balcer, and Elliot M. Frohman While the neurological examination represents a…
Figure 6.1 Low-contrast letter acuity chart (low-contrast Sloan letter chart, Precision Vision, LaSalle, IL). * These charts have a standardized format based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual…
Figure 1.1 Testing smell Optic nerve (cranial nerve 2) Visual acuity Ask if the patient has any difficulty seeing. Visual acuity (VA) is tested and measured routinely by using a…
Figure 11.1 The peripheral reflex pathway Table 11.1 Common focal peripheral nerve disorders Nerve Main site Mechanism Main Cause Clinical Features Median wrist entrapment carpal tunnel syndrome, leprosy pain, tingling…
Cryptococcus neoformansMycobacterium tuberculosisToxoplasma gondiiCytomegalovirusJC virus (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy)Tumours Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) meningitismeningitis, *FND, paraplegia*FNDretinitis, radiculopathy, encephalitisquadriplegia, encephalopathy*FND <100(0-500)<100<50<100<100 10-20%1-10%5-15%1-1.5%uncommon<1% Direct HIV infection (0-200) 40-70% HIV associated dementia (HAD)vacuolar myelopathydistal…
Figure 7.1 Brain in Cerebral Malaria (CM) Clinical features The first symptoms of cerebral malaria in adults include fever, headache, myalgia, malaise followed by progressive drowsiness, confusion, delirium, stupor and…
Figure 2.1 Main sites of neurological disorders MOTOR SYSTEM CNS The motor system in the CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, beginning in the motor cortex and extending…
