Fig. 3.1 Immune response in SCI (immune system–brain interaction): (A) following initial injury, neutrophils and macrophages (monocytes) invade the lesion by activating resident microglia; (B) then, T and B cells…
Fig. 2.1 A schematic diagram of two neural routes that mediate peripheral organ–brain interactions: (A) The afferent vagus–nucleus tract solitarii (NTS) axis. Information on the visceral organs is transmitted to…
Burke RE, Dauer WT, Vonsattel JP (2008) A critical evaluation of the Braak staging scheme for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 64(5):485–491PubMedCentralPubMed Camicioli RM, Hanstock CC, Bouchard TP, Gee M, Fisher…
Fig. 15.1 The upper limb exoskeleton EXO-UL7 with seven DOFs, supporting 99 % of the range of motion required to preform daily activities 15.2 An Upper Limb Exoskeleton: EXO-UL7 15.2.1 System…
Fig. 9.1 The planar pantograph haptic system integrated with a mouse The device is powered by two precious metal brushed 40 W DC-motors from Portescap (Model 25GT2R82-222E) through capstan cable transmissions which…
Fig. 12.1 The KINARM robot (a) used in this study has a two-degree-of-freedom planar exoskeleton for each arm (only right arm shown for clarity). The user sits in a chair…
Fig. 13.1 Emerging behaviors, arising from the coupled dynamics of human body and robotic structure interacting with the environment, help the execution of a complex task with low computational efforts….
Fig. 11.1 Examples of different manipulator architecture for upper limb rehabilitation. For the serial mirrored manipulator. (a) MIT Manus [1]; (b) MIME [2]; (c) ARM Guide [3]; (d) ACT 3D…
Fig. 2.1 Karl Dussik’s apparatus to generate ultrasonic waves, built in 1942 (Reproduced from [17]) In 1948, the first Congress of Ultrasound in Medicine was held in Erlangen, Germany; in…
Fig. 1.1 A bookcase containing three different objects (a marker, a rectangular-shaped object and a mug), placed at five different positions, at three different shelves, is depicted. A superimposed diagram…
