HIV, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Drug Effects
HIV, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Drug Effects Claudia A. Chiriboga PEDIATRIC AIDS AND HIV INFECTION Most children with AIDS in the United States are infected perinatally. Intravenous (IV) drug abuse…
Congenital and Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors
Congenital and Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors James H. Garvin Jr INTRODUCTION Childhood brain tumors range from benign congenital lesions to aggressive, infiltrative cancers. Cure rates for malignant brain tumors…
Pediatric Brain Injury and Shaken Baby Syndrome
Pediatric Brain Injury and Shaken Baby Syndrome Joshua Cappell Steven G. Kernie INTRODUCTION The still-developing nervous system holds the potential for greater recovery from traumatic brain injury while also carrying…
Stroke in Children
Stroke in Children Sally M. Sultan INTRODUCTION There are two classifications for pediatric stroke: by age and by stroke subtype. By age, a perinatal stroke occurs during gestation through 28…
Seizures in Children
Seizures in Children James J. Riviello Jr Douglas R. Nordli Jr INTRODUCTION A seizure is a paroxysmal neurologic event resulting from excessive central nervous system (CNS) excitation, the hypersynchronous neuronal…
Progressive Muscular Dystrophies
Progressive Muscular Dystrophies Mathula Thangarajh Petra Kaufmann Louis H. Weimer Michio Hirano Lewis P. Rowland DEFINITION A muscular dystrophy has five essential characteristics: It is a myopathy, as defined by…
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurocutaneous Syndromes Marc C. Patterson INTRODUCTION Several genetic diseases involve both the skin and nervous system. These are called neurocutaneous disorders or neuroectodermatoses. In the past, they were referred to…
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood Petra Kaufmann Darryl C. De Vivo SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY RELATED TO CHROMOSOME 5 MUTATIONS GENETIC ETIOLOGY Spinal muscular atrophy is a motor neuron disease that…
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies Salvatore DiMauro Michio Hirano INTRODUCTION Mitochondria are uniquely intriguing organelles, not only for the variety of biologic functions that they perform but also because of their regulation by…
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorders Reet K. Sidhu INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of biologically based neurodevelopmental disorders of brain function. They are a behaviorally defined group of…
