Figure 21.1 Examples of Doppler spectrum patterns observable with increasing ICP compatible with angiographic cessation of cerebral blood flow. Imaging tips Ultrasound systems and settings All of the above-mentioned patterns…
Figure 14.1 The operator-independent “hands-free” ultrasound device for transcranial insonation of proximal intracranial arteries through standard temporal and suboccipital windows. Focused questions Does the stroke center have personnel trained in…
Figure 20.1 The regulation of the cerebral arteriolar tone under different metabolic circumstances. It is obvious that there are different systemic factors that may influence cerebral arteriolar tone by decreasing…
Figure 5C.1 NASCET degree of stenosis. The distal diameter “D” is the denominator: Degree = (1 − R/D) × 100%. It can be seen that this results in a lower…
Figure 8.1 Color-coded Duplex sonography finding of superficial temporal artery in a normal person (A,B) and in a patient with giant cell arteritis (C,D). (A) and (C) longitudinal view; (B)…
Fig. 7.1 Long-term consumption of Western diet results in the increased production of ROS and neuroinflammation. Tricarboxylic cycle (TCA cycle), Platelet activating factor (PAF), Arachidonic acid (ARA), Nitric oxide (NO),…
Fig. 5.1 Effects of exercise on various parameters related to changes in the brain Since there is very little difference between physical activity (any activity that increases heart rate and…
Fig. 2.1 Roles of astrocytes in the brain Both astrocytes and microglia play a major role in regulation of neuroinflammation. Microglia invade the brain early in development and take on…
Fig. 4.1 Cytokines and chemokines associated with neuroinflammation In addition, stimulation of glutamate, cytokine, Toll-like, bradykinin, histamine, dopamine, purinergic, GABA, endothelin, and platelet activating factor (PAF) receptors results in stimulation…
Fig. 3.1 Chemical structures of n-3, n-6, and monosaturated fatty acids 3.2 Transport and Incorporation of Fatty Acids in the Brain In diet, saturated fatty acids, ARA, and DHA are…
