Peripheral Neuroanatomy and Focal Neuropathies
FIGURE 46.1 Brachial plexus showing its various constituents and their relationship to structures in the region of the upper chest, axilla, and shoulder. The three trunks slope laterally and then…
The Facial Nerve
FIGURE 16.1 Components of the facial nerve in the pons. (Modified from Kiernan JA. Barr’s The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,…
The Deep Tendon or Muscle Stretch Reflexes
TABLE 38.2 Method of Recording the Commonly Tested Muscle Stretch Reflexes Grades 0 to 4+ (see text) used for all plantar reflex, which is down (normal), absent (0), equivocal (+/–)…
Neck and Back Pain
FIGURE 47.1 Lateral view of the cervical spine. Shows the vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs, the pedicles merging into the facet joint with its superior and inferior facets, and…
Cerebellar Function
FIGURE 43.1 A. Ventral and (B) dorsal views of the human cerebellum. See Figure 43.4 for names of lobes and lobules. FIGURE 43.2 Median longitudinal section through the human cerebellum,…
The Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear) Nerve
FIGURE 17.1 The right osseous labyrinth in the temporal bone viewed from above. FIGURE 17.2 The right osseous labyrinth, lateral view. The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, a thin…
Diagnostic Reasoning and Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
Errors in clinical reasoning can lead to a variety of adverse consequences. A common error in diagnostic reasoning is accepting a diagnosis before it is fully verified (premature closure). Kassirer…
The Trigeminal Nerve
FIGURE 15.1 Section through the pons at the level of the trigeminal nuclei. The Motor Portion Upper motor neuron control of trigeminal motor functions arises primarily from the lower third…
The Neurologic History
Patients are even more secretive about drug habits. Tactful opening questions might be to ask whether the patient has ever used drugs for other than medicinal purposes, ever abused prescription…
Abnormalities of Movement
Parkinson’s Disease PD is due to a degeneration of neurons in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. It is the second most common movement disorder behind essential tremor (ET), affecting about 1%…
