INTRODUCTION Gait, the art and manner of walking, is defined as a learned complex motor skill that facilitates locomotion. Humans have used the bipedal form of locomotion for more than…

SUMMARY Syndromes with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormalities in brain iron metabolism with excess iron accumulation in the globus pallidus…

INTRODUCTION There are many case reports and case series describing the development of a movement disorder (MD) following peripheral trauma (see for a review (1)). These so-called peripherally induced MDs…

INTRODUCTION Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative and progressive disorder characterized by the degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway projecting to the striatum. All commonly employed therapies in PD have been…

TREMOR Tremor, of different etiologies, can be a very disabling symptom when becomes refractory to medical treatment. In such circumstances, surgical therapies should be advised. Surgical therapies include stereotactic and…

INTRODUCTION Despite its complex phenotypic heterogeneity, all cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have in common two pathologic hallmarks: degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and accumulation of the protein α-synuclein…

INTRODUCTION Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder, affecting about 2% of individuals over the age of 65. Clinically, PD patients present with the cardinal motor symptoms…

INTRODUCTION Dystonia is defined as a syndrome with sustained muscle contractions that often result in twisting and repetitive movements and abnormal postures. Lacking a curative therapy, the treatment of dystonia…